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Submitted on October 14, 2005
Accepted on December 13, 2005
Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: horaciod{at}u.washington.edu.
The preovulatory surge in the secretion of LH (LH) is timed by a neuroendocrine integrative mechanism that involves ovarian estradiol (E2) levels and the endogenous circadian system. Studies in female rats and hamsters have established that the clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has a preeminent role in setting the LH surge, and anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological data are revealing the responsible connections between SCN neurons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and E2 receptive areas. Recent investigations show that GnRH and pituitary cells express circadian "clock" genes that might play a role in the release and reception of the GnRH signal. Analysis of the circadian regulation of the LH surge may provide a model for understanding how multiple neural oscillators function within other neuroendocrine axes.
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