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This version published online on December 16, 2004
Endocrinology, doi:10.1210/en.2004-1385
A more recent version of this article appeared on March 1, 2005
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Submitted on October 21, 2004
Accepted on November 15, 2004

Transcriptional Regulation of Adrenocortical Development

Gary D. Hammer, Keith L. Parker*, and Bernard P. Schimmer

Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor MI 48109-0678; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, 112 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G1L6, Canada

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: keith.parker{at}utsouthwestern.edu.

The adrenal glands is comprised of two distinct endocrine organs: the outer cortex, which is derived from mesoderm and synthesizes steroid hormones, and the inner medulla, which contains neuroectodermal cells derived from the neural crest and produces the catecholamine hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine. The developmental program that gives rise to the adrenal gland begins early during embrogenesis, and continues throughout gestation and well after birth. In this article, we review the molecular mechanisms of adrenal differentiation and development, focusing on the contributions of genes responsible for the development of the adrenal cortex as identified from studies of experimental animal models and human subjects with clinical diseases. These studies identify a hierarchical network of transcription factors, including WT1, SF-1, DAX-1, PBX1, and CITED2, that both give rise to the adrenal cortex and subsequently determine its subsequent function in steroidogenesis.




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