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Insulin Alone Increases Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Activity, and Diabetes Lowers Peak Stress Responses

Departments of Physiology (O.C., K.I., E.A., M.V., S.G.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.G.M.), and Medicine (M.V., S.G.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; and Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University (E.P., M.C.R.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Stephen G. Matthews, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3240, 1 King’s College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8. E-mail: stephen.matthews{at}utoronto.ca.

Diabetes is associated with increased basal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity and impaired stress responsiveness. Previously, we demonstrated that the HPA response to hypoglycemia is significantly impaired in diabetic rats. In this study our goals were to 1) differentiate between the effects of hyperinsulinemia and those of hypoglycemia per se, and 2) establish whether diabetes lowers peak stress responses. Normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were subjected to hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamps to evaluate central and peripheral responses. These were compared with peak ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint and hypoglycemia. Hyperinsulinemia increased CRH and vasopressin mRNA, and plasma ACTH and corticosterone in normal and diabetic rats. In normal animals, insulin-induced activation of ACTH and corticosterone was lower than the responses during either restraint or hypoglycemia. In contrast, ACTH and corticosterone activation in diabetic rats was similar with all three stressors. Pituitary-adrenal axis activation in diabetic animals was also much lower compared with that in normal controls. The response to hyperinsulinemia (euglycemia) was associated with increases in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the anterior pituitary and paraventricular nucleus. Hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression was increased in normal, but not in diabetic, animals. We speculate that the ability to appropriately match the HPA response to the potency of a stressor is related to the ability to alter hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor expression. In diabetes, this ability is impaired; hence, maximal HPA activation is greatly diminished. This is a novel observation that may have important implications in the treatment of impaired counterregulatory mechanisms in human diabetes.