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Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Stephen R. Bloom, M.D., Imperial College at Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Division of Investigative Science, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom.
Ghrelin, a novel 28 amino acid peptide found in hypothalamus and stomach, was recently identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). We have now found that both intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of ghrelin in freely feeding rats stimulated food intake. The onset of increased feeding was rapid and after ICV administration was sustained for 24 hours. Following ICV administration of 3nmol ghrelin, the duration and magnitude of the feeding stimulation was similar to that following 5nmol neuropeptide Y (NPY). Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentration increased following both ICV and i.p. administration of ghrelin. Release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) was stimulated and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) inhibited following ICV administration of ghrelin. These data suggest a possible role for the newly identified endogenous hypothalamic peptide, ghrelin, in stimulation of feeding and growth hormone secretion.
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A. J. Page, J. A. Slattery, C. Milte, R. Laker, T. O'Donnell, C. Dorian, S. M. Brierley, and L. A. Blackshaw Ghrelin selectively reduces mechanosensitivity of upper gastrointestinal vagal afferents Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): G1376 - G1384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Zizzari, R. Longchamps, J. Epelbaum, and M. T. Bluet-Pajot Obestatin Partially Affects Ghrelin Stimulation of Food Intake and Growth Hormone Secretion in Rodents Endocrinology, April 1, 2007; 148(4): 1648 - 1653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Hashimoto, H. Fujihara, M. Kawasaki, T. Saito, M. Shibata, H. Otsubo, Y. Takei, and Y. Ueta Centrally and Peripherally Administered Ghrelin Potently Inhibits Water Intake in Rats Endocrinology, April 1, 2007; 148(4): 1638 - 1647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Keen-Rhinehart and T. J. Bartness NPY Y1 receptor is involved in ghrelin- and fasting-induced increases in foraging, food hoarding, and food intake Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): R1728 - R1737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. C. Yannielli, P. C. Molyneux, M. E. Harrington, and D. A. Golombek Ghrelin Effects on the Circadian System of Mice J. Neurosci., March 14, 2007; 27(11): 2890 - 2895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Ishikawa, H. Fujioka, T. Ishimura, A. Takenaka, and M. Fujisawa Ghrelin Expression in Human Testis and Serum Testosterone Level J Androl, March 1, 2007; 28(2): 320 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S Bang, S. G Soule, T. G Yandle, A M. Richards, and C. J Pemberton Characterisation of proghrelin peptides in mammalian tissue and plasma J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2007; 192(2): 313 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. von Haehling, W. Doehner, and S. D Anker Nutrition, metabolism, and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure Cardiovasc Res, January 15, 2007; 73(2): 298 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Fry, T. D. Hoyda, and A. V. Ferguson Making Sense of It: Roles of the Sensory Circumventricular Organs in Feeding and Regulation of Energy Homeostasis Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2007; 232(1): 14 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Nogueiras, P. Pfluger, S. Tovar, M. Arnold, S. Mitchell, A. Morris, D. Perez-Tilve, M. J. Vazquez, P. Wiedmer, T. R. Castaneda, et al. Effects of Obestatin on Energy Balance and Growth Hormone Secretion in Rodents Endocrinology, January 1, 2007; 148(1): 21 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Perez-Tilve, L. Gonzalez-Matias, M. Alvarez-Crespo, R. Leiras, S. Tovar, C. Dieguez, and F. Mallo Exendin-4 Potently Decreases Ghrelin Levels in Fasting Rats Diabetes, January 1, 2007; 56(1): 143 - 151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Szentirmai, L. Kapas, and J. M. Krueger Ghrelin microinjection into forebrain sites induces wakefulness and feeding in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): R575 - R585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. G. Murphy, W. S. Dhillo, and S. R. Bloom Gut Peptides in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2006; 27(7): 719 - 727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Naslund and J. G. Kral Impact of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Gut Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(Supplement_2): S92 - S97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Stevanovic, V. Milosevic, D. Nesic, V. Ajdzanovic, V. Starcevic, and W. B. Severs A BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Central Effects of Ghrelin on Serum Growth Hormone and Morphology of Pituitary Somatotropes in Rats. Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2006; 231(10): 1610 - 1615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Wang, N. R. Basa, A. Shaikh, A. Luckey, D. Heber, D. H. St-Pierre, and Y. Tache LPS inhibits fasted plasma ghrelin levels in rats: role of IL-1 and PGs and functional implications. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): G611 - G620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Kobelt, M. Goebel, A. Stengel, M. Schmidtmann, I. R. van der Voort, J. J. Tebbe, R. W. Veh, B. F. Klapp, B. Wiedenmann, L. Wang, et al. Bombesin, but not amylin, blocks the orexigenic effect of peripheral ghrelin Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): R903 - R913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Sakata, T. Tanaka, M. Yamazaki, T. Tanizaki, Z. Zheng, and T. Sakai Gastric estrogen directly induces ghrelin expression and production in the rat stomach. J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2006; 190(3): 749 - 757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Levin, T. Edholm, P. T. Schmidt, P. Gryback, H. Jacobsson, M. Degerblad, C. Hoybye, J. J. Holst, J. F. Rehfeld, P. M. Hellstrom, et al. Ghrelin Stimulates Gastric Emptying and Hunger in Normal-Weight Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3296 - 3302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Szentirmai and J. M. Krueger Central administration of neuropeptide Y induces wakefulness in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): R473 - R480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. E. Gordon and K. H. McKeever Oral and intravenous carbohydrate challenges decrease active ghrelin concentrations and alter hormones related to control of energy metabolism in horses J Anim Sci, July 1, 2006; 84(7): 1682 - 1690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P Kobelt, S Helmling, A Stengel, B Wlotzka, V Andresen, B F Klapp, B Wiedenmann, S Klussmann, and H Monnikes Anti-ghrelin Spiegelmer NOX-B11 inhibits neurostimulatory and orexigenic effects of peripheral ghrelin in rats Gut, June 1, 2006; 55(6): 788 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Li, X. Wu, Y. Zhao, S. Chen, and C. Owyang Ghrelin acts on the dorsal vagal complex to stimulate pancreatic protein secretion Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): G1350 - G1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. P. Kinzig, K. A. Scott, J. Hyun, S. Bi, and T. H. Moran Lateral ventricular ghrelin and fourth ventricular ghrelin induce similar increases in food intake and patterns of hypothalamic gene expression Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): R1565 - R1569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Mingrone, L. Granato, E. Valera-Mora, A. Iaconelli, M. F Calvani, R. Bracaglia, M. Manco, G. Nanni, and M. Castagneto Ultradian ghrelin pulsatility is disrupted in morbidly obese subjects after weight loss induced by malabsorptive bariatric surgery Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2006; 83(5): 1017 - 1024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. P. Shearman, S.-P. Wang, S. Helmling, D. S. Stribling, P. Mazur, L. Ge, L. Wang, S. Klussmann, D. E. Macintyre, A. D. Howard, et al. Ghrelin Neutralization by a Ribonucleic Acid-SPM Ameliorates Obesity in Diet-Induced Obese Mice Endocrinology, March 1, 2006; 147(3): 1517 - 1526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. J. Pulman, W. M. Fry, G. T. Cottrell, and A. V. Ferguson |
